The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) said its Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) landed the moon's surface at around 12.20am (Japan time) on January 20 and re-established communication with earth, but its solar panels were not able to generate electricity, possibly because they are angled wrong.

The mission's primary objective is to test pinpoint landing technology, aiming for an accuracy of less than 100 meters. This level of precision is unprecedented for a gravitational body like the moon and could significantly enhance the quality of data collected during future missions.

January 19, 2024, Japan is on final approach to become only the fifth country to land on the moon, in what would be a reversal of fortunes as it attempts to join a global space race centred on unravelling the mysteries of the lunar landscape. Graphic shows Japan’s “moon sniper” mission. Image: Graphic News

SLIM landed on the slope of the Shioli crater near lunar sea Mare Nectaris. The site was selected based on high-resolution images from lunar orbiters

On landing, SLIM also deployed two mini-probes – a hopping vehicle as big as a microwave oven and a tennis-sized wheeled rover – that is designed to take pictures of the spacecraft.

JAXA Chairman Hiroshi Yamakawa (R) attends a press conference after the H-2A rocket launching at the Tanegashima Space Center in Minamitane Town, Kagoshima Prefecture, western Japan and Kyushu region, on September 7, 2023. The H2A rocket also carries a new astronomical observation satellite "XRISM" which had been jointly developed with NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Picture: Koichi Nagano / Yomiuri / The Yomiuri Shimbun via AFP

India's Chandrayaan-3 in August made a historic touchdown on the moon's south pole, a major technological feat given the rough terrain, highlighting India's rise as a major player in space.

JAXA confirmed that the SLIM "landed on the Moon at 00:20 am on 20 January 2024 (Japan Time). Communication has been established since landing," JAXA said.

"However, the solar cells are not generating power and data acquisition from the lunar surface is given priority," it added.

"The SLIM is operated with on-board batteries. The data acquired on landing is stored in the spacecraft, and we are currently working to maximise the scientific results by first transmitting this data back to Earth," said JAXA official Hitoshi Kuninaka.

The H-2A rocket launches at Tanagashima Space Center in Minamitane Town, Kagoshima Prefecture, western Japan and Kyushu region, on September 7, 2023. Picture: Noriaki Sasaki / Yomiuri / The Yomiuri Shimbun via AFP

Japan's mission is one of a string of new projects launched in recent years on the back of renewed interest in Earth's natural satellite.

The Japanese craft -- equipped with a shape-shifting mini-rover co-developed by the firm behind Transformer toys -- has been designed to land with unprecedented precision.

If all went to plan, it will have landed within a target area just 100 metres (yards) across, far tighter than the usual landing zone of several kilometres (miles).

Success would restore high-tech Japan's reputation in space after two failed lunar missions and recent rocket failures, including explosions after take-off.

It would also echo the triumph of India's low-cost space programme in August, when it became the first to land an uncrewed craft near the Moon's largely unexplored south pole.

'Crucial' rocks

Japan's space agency JAXA has already made a pinpoint landing on an asteroid, but the challenge is greater on the Moon, where gravity is stronger.

SLIM was meant to try to reach a crater where the Moon's mantle -- the usually deep inner layer beneath its crust -- is believed to be accessible at the surface.

"The rocks exposed here are crucial in the search for the origins of the Moon and the Earth," Tomokatsu Morota, associate professor at the University of Tokyo specialising in lunar and planetary exploration, told AFP.

This includes shedding light on the mystery of the Moon's possible water resources, which will also be key to building bases there one day as possible stopovers on the way to Mars.

"The possibility of lunar commercialisation depends on whether there is water at the poles," Morota said.

Renewed interest

More than 50 years after the first human Moon landing, many countries and private companies are attempting to make the trip anew.

But crash-landings, communication failures and other technical problems are rife.

This month, US private firm Astrobotic's Peregrine lunar lander began leaking fuel after takeoff, dooming its mission.

On Thursday, contact with the spaceship was lost over a remote area of the South Pacific after it likely burned up in the Earth's atmosphere on its return.

NASA has also postponed plans for crewed lunar missions under its Artemis programme.

The SLIM is an unmanned probe of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), which is planning to land on the surface of the moon in order to demonstrate precision landing technology and investigate lunar rocks. Picture: Koichi Nagano / Yomiuri / The Yomiuri Shimbun via AFP

Russia, China and other countries from South Korea to the United Arab Emirates are also trying their luck.

Previous Japanese lunar missions have failed twice -- one public and one private.

In 2022, the country unsuccessfully sent a lunar probe named Omotenashi as part of the United States' Artemis 1 mission.

In April, Japanese startup ispace tried in vain to become the first private company to land on the Moon, losing communication with its craft after what it described as a "hard landing".

Butterfly or crawl

SLIM's spherical metal probe, slightly bigger than a tennis ball and weighing the same as a large potato, is meant to pop open like a Transformer toy.

Equipped with two cameras, the two halves of the SORA-Q sphere are designed to slot out and propel the gadget around either in "butterfly" or "crawl" mode, JAXA says.

Back on Earth, a toy version costs 21,190 yen ($140) and, according to its promotional video, can roll around a living room taking pictures -- for example, of a buyer's cat.

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Japan successfully lands craft on the moon